66% of the groundwater that it could sustainablyextract in 2025
Less than the total amount of water that can be taken without drying up the sources
SubjectWho/What
Bengaluru East Taluka
A specific administrative area (Taluka) in the eastern part of Bengaluru
VerbWhat is happening
drew
Took out (repeating the action for the second subject)
ObjectWhat receives action
378%
Nearly four times more than the safe limit
Context and Background
Groundwater Overexploitation in Bengaluru
The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) categorizes areas based on groundwater extraction. While most of Karnataka is in the ‘safe’ or ‘semi-critical’ zone, urban pockets like Bengaluru East are classified as ‘over-exploited’ because extraction far exceeds the recharge capacity, meaning the water is being used much faster than it is being replaced by rain.
Sentence 3 of 19
English Original
The sustainably extractable volume of groundwateris basedon how much withdrawal will deplete the aquifer,sowhile 378% does not mean Bengaluru East has depleted its groundwater,itisreminiscent of an ongoing crisis that has, once again, turned acute.
Simple PresentTwo main clauses joined by Independent and Dependent ClausesCompound-Complex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The sustainably extractable volume of groundwater
The amount of water we can safely take from under the ground without ruining the source
VerbWhat is happening
is based
Depends on or is calculated using
ComplementCompletes meaning
on how much withdrawal will deplete the aquifer
How much water taking will empty the underground water layers
AdjunctAdditional info
while 378% does not mean Bengaluru East has depleted its groundwater
Even though taking 378% doesn’t mean all water is gone right now
SubjectWho/What
it
The situation (the extremely high extraction rate)
VerbWhat is happening
is
Acts as or represents
ComplementCompletes meaning
reminiscent of an ongoing crisis that has, once again, turned acute
A reminder of a long-term problem that has become very severe again
Context and Background
What is an Aquifer?
An aquifer is an underground reservoir of water. Imagine a giant underground sponge made of rock and sand that holds water. When we take out more water than the rain can put back in, the ‘sponge’ starts to dry out, leading to falling water levels and dry wells.
Sentence 4 of 19
English Original
The Bengaluru regionlieson crystalline rock that already stores little water and recharges slowly.
Simple PresentS + V + AdjunctMain Clause with Relative ClauseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The Bengaluru region
The geographical area of Bengaluru
VerbWhat is happening
lies
Is located or situated
AdjunctAdditional info
on crystalline rock that already stores little water and recharges slowly
On hard rocks that don’t have much space for water and don’t fill up quickly when it rains
Context and Background
Hard Rock Geology of Bengaluru
Bengaluru is situated on the South Karnataka Plateau, characterized by hard ‘crystalline’ rocks like granite and gneiss. Unlike alluvial plains (like the North Indian plains) where water can seep through easily, these hard rocks only have water in their cracks and fractures, making groundwater limited and difficult to replenish.
Sentence 5 of 19
English Original
The cityfurtherconcentratesdemandin areas with higher population density and per-capita consumption, including ‘tech parks’ and apartment complexes.
Simple PresentS + Adjunct + V + O + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The city
The city of Bengaluru
AdjunctAdditional info
further
In addition to what was mentioned before
VerbWhat is happening
concentrates
Brings together in one place or focuses something
ObjectWhat receives action
demand
The need or desire for water
AdjunctAdditional info
in areas with higher population density and per-capita consumption, including ‘tech parks’ and apartment complexes
In places where many people live close together and each person uses a lot of water, like office areas and large buildings
Sentence 6 of 19
English Original
The built-up area of such urban infrastructurealsosuppressesrechargeby percolating rainwater.
The space covered by buildings, roads, and concrete in the city
AdjunctAdditional info
also
In addition to the high demand mentioned earlier
VerbWhat is happening
suppresses
Prevents something from happening or keeps it low
ObjectWhat receives action
recharge
The process of refilling the underground water supply
AdjunctAdditional info
by percolating rainwater
By allowing rainwater to slowly filter down through the soil
Sentence 7 of 19
English Original
A growing fraction of the populationdependson water from the Cauvery,which comes with a high expansion cost.
Simple PresentS + V + Complement + AdjunctMain Clause with Relative ClauseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
A growing fraction of the population
More and more people in the city
VerbWhat is happening
depends
Relies on or needs for survival
ComplementCompletes meaning
on water from the Cauvery
On the water piped from the Cauvery river
AdjunctAdditional info
which comes with a high expansion cost
Which is very expensive to increase or bring to new areas
Context and Background
Cauvery Water for Bengaluru
Bengaluru is located at a high altitude (about 900m above sea level), while the Cauvery river flows at a much lower level. Bringing water to the city involves pumping it over 100 km and lifting it up hundreds of meters, which requires massive infrastructure (pipelines) and huge amounts of electricity, making it very expensive.
Sentence 8 of 19
English Original
Thus,the problemhasa natural basisbuthas been compoundedover the yearsby inconsiderate urbanisation,where the costs — monetary and, increasingly, existential — are being passed on to the populace.
Present and Present PerfectTwo main clauses joined by Independent and Dependent ClausesCompound-Complex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
Thus
Because of the reasons mentioned before
SubjectWho/What
the problem
The water shortage issue
VerbWhat is happening
has
Possesses or is caused by
ObjectWhat receives action
a natural basis
Reasons related to nature (like geology)
VerbWhat is happening
has been compounded
Has been made much worse over time
AdjunctAdditional info
over the years
During a long period of time
AdjunctAdditional info
by inconsiderate urbanisation
By building cities without thinking about the future or nature
AdjunctAdditional info
where the costs — monetary and, increasingly, existential — are being passed on to the populace
Where the regular people have to pay for the mistakes, not just in money but in their very ability to live/survive
Sentence 9 of 19
English Original
In 2024,a weak monsoonleftnearly half of Bengaluru’s 14,000 borewellsdry.
Simple PastAdjunct + S + V + O + ComplementMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
In 2024
During the year 2024
SubjectWho/What
a weak monsoon
A season where it did not rain enough
VerbWhat is happening
left
Caused something to be in a certain state
ObjectWhat receives action
nearly half of Bengaluru’s 14,000 borewells
About 7,000 deep wells drilled into the ground to get water
ComplementCompletes meaning
dry
Without any water
Context and Background
2024 Water Crisis in Bengaluru
In early 2024, Bengaluru faced one of its worst water crises in decades. Due to failing rains in 2023, the groundwater levels plummeted, and the Cauvery reservoirs reached very low levels. This led to a massive shortage, forcing thousands to rely on expensive water tankers and prompting the government to take control of private tanker operations.
Sentence 10 of 19
English Original
The governmentlauncheda projectto supply 775 million litres per day to 110 villages and lower groundwater stress.
Simple PastS + V + O + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The government
The ruling authority of the state
VerbWhat is happening
launched
Started or introduced a new plan
ObjectWhat receives action
a project
A planned piece of work for a specific purpose
AdjunctAdditional info
to supply 775 million litres per day to 110 villages and lower groundwater stress
To give a huge amount of water daily to 110 nearby villages so they don’t have to keep digging more borewells
Context and Background
Cauvery Water Supply Phase V
The project mentioned is likely the ‘Cauvery Water Supply Scheme Phase V’, which aims to provide drinking water to 110 peripheral villages that were added to the city’s municipal limits (BBMP) years ago but lacked piped water. By providing river water, the government hopes to reduce these areas’ total dependence on borewells.
Sentence 11 of 19
English Original
But to date,the projecthas achievedonly midway coverage,leaving many residents still banking on tankers.
Present PerfectAdjunct + S + V + O + AdjunctMain Clause and Participial PhraseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
AdjunctAdditional info
But to date
However, until now
SubjectWho/What
the project
The water supply scheme mentioned before
VerbWhat is happening
has achieved
Has completed or reached
ObjectWhat receives action
only midway coverage
Only about half of the planned work is done
AdjunctAdditional info
leaving many residents still banking ontankers
Resulting in many people still having to rely on expensive water trucks
Sentence 12 of 19
English Original
A 2026 studyfoundthat the crisis has since moved to Koramangala and Hebbal.
Simple Past and Present PerfectS + V + Object ClauseMain and Subordinate ClausesComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
A 2026 study
A recent report or research conducted in 2026
VerbWhat is happening
found
Discovered or revealed a fact
ObjectWhat receives action
that the crisis has since moved to Koramangala and Hebbal
That the water problem is now affecting new areas like Koramangala and Hebbal
Sentence 13 of 19
English Original
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Boardhas also been usingtreated sewage waterto recharge lakes.
Present Perfect ContinuousS + V + O + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
The main government department (BWSSB) responsible for water and sewage in Bengaluru
VerbWhat is happening
has also been using
Is currently and has been using something in addition to other things
ObjectWhat receives action
treated sewage water
Waste water from toilets and drains that has been cleaned to be used safely for non-drinking purposes
AdjunctAdditional info
to recharge lakes
To fill up the city’s lakes so that the water can soak into the ground
Context and Background
BWSSB and Treated Water
The BWSSB (Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board) manages the city’s water infrastructure. One of its key initiatives involves pumping tertiary-treated (highly filtered) sewage water into seasonal lakes. This helps maintain the water level in lakes even in summer, which in turn helps recharge the surrounding groundwater table.
Sentence 14 of 19
English Original
ItseemsBengaluru is treating supply as infinitely expandablewhen it is not.
Simple PresentS + V + C + AdjunctMain and Subordinate ClausesComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
It
The current situation
VerbWhat is happening
seems
Appears to be or gives the impression
ComplementCompletes meaning
Bengaluru is treating supply as infinitelyexpandable
Bengaluru acts as if the amount of water it can get can grow forever
AdjunctAdditional info
when it is not
Even though, in reality, the water supply is limited
Sentence 15 of 19
English Original
Its preference for grey over green infrastructurehas sealedthe groundagainst replenishmentwhile the increasing demand liquidates ecological capital.
Present Perfect and Simple PresentS + V + O + Adjunct + Adjunct ClauseMain and Subordinate ClausesComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
Its preference for grey over green infrastructure
The city’s choice to build with concrete and pipes instead of using natural spaces and lakes
VerbWhat is happening
has sealed
Has closed up or covered tightly
ObjectWhat receives action
the ground
The surface of the earth
AdjunctAdditional info
against replenishment
Preventing the water from filling back up
AdjunctAdditional info
while the increasing demand liquidatesecological capital
At the same time, because more people want water, we are using up our natural wealth (like clean environment and water sources)
Context and Background
Grey vs. Green Infrastructure
Grey infrastructure refers to human-engineered structures like concrete pipes, dams, and water treatment plants. Green infrastructure mimics natural systems, using parks, wetlands, and lakes to absorb rainwater and recharge the earth. In Bengaluru, massive concretization (grey) has replaced open spaces (green), leading to floods during rain and droughts later because water cannot soak into the ground.
Sentence 16 of 19
English Original
The citydoes not manageits pipeline supply, groundwater, and wastewatertogether,allowing consumers to default to the most convenient solution: tankers.
Simple PresentS + V + O + Adjunct + AdjunctMain Clause and Participial PhraseComplex Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
The city
The city administration of Bengaluru
VerbWhat is happening
does not manage
Fails to control or organize effectively
ObjectWhat receives action
its pipeline supply, groundwater, and wastewater
The three main parts of water: what comes in pipes, what is under the ground, and used water from drains
AdjunctAdditional info
together
In an integrated or combined way
AdjunctAdditional info
allowing consumers to default to the most convenient solution: tankers
As a result, people end up choosing the easiest option available, which is buying water from tankers
Context and Background
Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM)
Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) is a framework that suggests cities should manage all parts of the water cycle (fresh water, wastewater, and stormwater) together. Currently, Bengaluru manages them separately, which leads to inefficiencies. For example, treated wastewater is thrown away while fresh water is pumped from 100km away at great cost.
Sentence 17 of 19
English Original
Authoritiesneed to minimisedistribution lossesandpenaliseoverextractionandmandate100% decentralised wastewater recycling for all non-potable uses.
Water that is wasted or lost because of leaks and bad pipes while being sent to houses
VerbWhat is happening
penalise
To punish or fine someone for doing something wrong
ObjectWhat receives action
overextraction
Taking out too much water from the ground, more than what is safe
VerbWhat is happening
mandate
To make something compulsory or a legal requirement
ObjectWhat receives action
100% decentralised wastewater recycling for all non-potable uses
Making it a rule that all used water must be cleaned and reused for things other than drinking (like gardening or toilets) in multiple local spots instead of one big factory
Sentence 18 of 19
English Original
The ideal long-term solutionremainsunchanged:Bengaluruneeds to becomea ‘sponge city’.
A city designed to absorb rain water instead of letting it run off
Sentence 19 of 19
English Original
Thisincludesrestoring the connections between lakes and wells to capture monsoon runoff,thus aligning land-use planning with the recharge capacity of each taluka,and overall sealing the ground less and increasing absorption on the surface.
Simple PresentS + V + O + Adjunct + AdjunctMain ClauseSimple Sentence
Phrase Breakdown
SubjectWho/What
This
The sponge city plan mentioned before
VerbWhat is happening
includes
Has as its parts or elements
ObjectWhat receives action
restoring the connections between lakes and wells to capture monsoon runoff
Fixing the paths so that rainwater can go from lakes into wells and be saved
AdjunctAdditional info
thus aligningland-use planning with the recharge capacity of each taluka
Making sure how we use the land (like building houses) matches how much water the ground in that area can take in
AdjunctAdditional info
and overall sealing the ground less and increasing absorption on the surface
Covering less ground with concrete so that the earth can soak up more water from the top
Sentence 1 of 19
Sentence 1 of 19
While Karnataka as a whole is improving its water security,Bengaluruis dealingwith extreme groundwater withdrawal.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
While Karnataka as a whole is improving its water security
Even though the entire state of Karnataka is getting better at managing its water
Subject
Bengaluru
The city of Bengaluru
Verb
is dealing
Is trying to handle or struggle with a difficult situation
Adjunct
with extreme groundwater withdrawal
Taking out too much water from under the ground
Sentence 2 of 19
The Statedrew66% of the groundwater that it could sustainably extract in 2025,butBengaluru East Talukadrew378%.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The State
The state of Karnataka
Verb
drew
Took out or extracted
Object
66% of the groundwater that it could sustainably extract in 2025
Less than the total amount of water that can be taken without drying up the sources
Subject
Bengaluru East Taluka
A specific administrative area (Taluka) in the eastern part of Bengaluru
Verb
drew
Took out (repeating the action for the second subject)
Object
378%
Nearly four times more than the safe limit
Sentence 3 of 19
The sustainably extractable volume of groundwateris basedon how much withdrawal will deplete the aquifer,sowhile 378% does not mean Bengaluru East has depleted its groundwater,itisreminiscent of an ongoing crisis that has, once again, turned acute.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The sustainably extractable volume of groundwater
The amount of water we can safely take from under the ground without ruining the source
Verb
is based
Depends on or is calculated using
Complement
on how much withdrawal will deplete the aquifer
How much water taking will empty the underground water layers
Adjunct
while 378% does not mean Bengaluru East has depleted its groundwater
Even though taking 378% doesn’t mean all water is gone right now
Subject
it
The situation (the extremely high extraction rate)
Verb
is
Acts as or represents
Complement
reminiscent of an ongoing crisis that has, once again, turned acute
A reminder of a long-term problem that has become very severe again
Sentence 4 of 19
The Bengaluru regionlieson crystalline rock that already stores little water and recharges slowly.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The Bengaluru region
The geographical area of Bengaluru
Verb
lies
Is located or situated
Adjunct
on crystalline rock that already stores little water and recharges slowly
On hard rocks that don’t have much space for water and don’t fill up quickly when it rains
Sentence 5 of 19
The cityfurtherconcentratesdemandin areas with higher population density and per-capita consumption, including ‘tech parks’ and apartment complexes.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The city
The city of Bengaluru
Adjunct
further
In addition to what was mentioned before
Verb
concentrates
Brings together in one place or focuses something
Object
demand
The need or desire for water
Adjunct
in areas with higher population density and per-capita consumption, including ‘tech parks’ and apartment complexes
In places where many people live close together and each person uses a lot of water, like office areas and large buildings
Sentence 6 of 19
The built-up area of such urban infrastructurealsosuppressesrechargeby percolating rainwater.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The built-up area of such urban infrastructure
The space covered by buildings, roads, and concrete in the city
Adjunct
also
In addition to the high demand mentioned earlier
Verb
suppresses
Prevents something from happening or keeps it low
Object
recharge
The process of refilling the underground water supply
Adjunct
by percolating rainwater
By allowing rainwater to slowly filter down through the soil
Sentence 7 of 19
A growing fraction of the populationdependson water from the Cauvery,which comes with a high expansion cost.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
A growing fraction of the population
More and more people in the city
Verb
depends
Relies on or needs for survival
Complement
on water from the Cauvery
On the water piped from the Cauvery river
Adjunct
which comes with a high expansion cost
Which is very expensive to increase or bring to new areas
Sentence 8 of 19
Thus,the problemhasa natural basisbuthas been compoundedover the yearsby inconsiderate urbanisation,where the costs — monetary and, increasingly, existential — are being passed on to the populace.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
Thus
Because of the reasons mentioned before
Subject
the problem
The water shortage issue
Verb
has
Possesses or is caused by
Object
a natural basis
Reasons related to nature (like geology)
Verb
has been compounded
Has been made much worse over time
Adjunct
over the years
During a long period of time
Adjunct
by inconsiderate urbanisation
By building cities without thinking about the future or nature
Adjunct
where the costs — monetary and, increasingly, existential — are being passed on to the populace
Where the regular people have to pay for the mistakes, not just in money but in their very ability to live/survive
Sentence 9 of 19
In 2024,a weak monsoonleftnearly half of Bengaluru’s 14,000 borewellsdry.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
In 2024
During the year 2024
Subject
a weak monsoon
A season where it did not rain enough
Verb
left
Caused something to be in a certain state
Object
nearly half of Bengaluru’s 14,000 borewells
About 7,000 deep wells drilled into the ground to get water
Complement
dry
Without any water
Sentence 10 of 19
The governmentlauncheda projectto supply 775 million litres per day to 110 villages and lower groundwater stress.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The government
The ruling authority of the state
Verb
launched
Started or introduced a new plan
Object
a project
A planned piece of work for a specific purpose
Adjunct
to supply 775 million litres per day to 110 villages and lower groundwater stress
To give a huge amount of water daily to 110 nearby villages so they don’t have to keep digging more borewells
Sentence 11 of 19
But to date,the projecthas achievedonly midway coverage,leaving many residents still banking on tankers.
Phrase Breakdown
Adjunct
But to date
However, until now
Subject
the project
The water supply scheme mentioned before
Verb
has achieved
Has completed or reached
Object
only midway coverage
Only about half of the planned work is done
Adjunct
leaving many residents still banking on tankers
Resulting in many people still having to rely on expensive water trucks
Sentence 12 of 19
A 2026 studyfoundthat the crisis has since moved to Koramangala and Hebbal.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
A 2026 study
A recent report or research conducted in 2026
Verb
found
Discovered or revealed a fact
Object
that the crisis has since moved to Koramangala and Hebbal
That the water problem is now affecting new areas like Koramangala and Hebbal
Sentence 13 of 19
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Boardhas also been usingtreated sewage waterto recharge lakes.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
The main government department (BWSSB) responsible for water and sewage in Bengaluru
Verb
has also been using
Is currently and has been using something in addition to other things
Object
treated sewage water
Waste water from toilets and drains that has been cleaned to be used safely for non-drinking purposes
Adjunct
to recharge lakes
To fill up the city’s lakes so that the water can soak into the ground
Sentence 14 of 19
ItseemsBengaluru is treating supply as infinitely expandablewhen it is not.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
It
The current situation
Verb
seems
Appears to be or gives the impression
Complement
Bengaluru is treating supply as infinitely expandable
Bengaluru acts as if the amount of water it can get can grow forever
Adjunct
when it is not
Even though, in reality, the water supply is limited
Sentence 15 of 19
Its preference for grey over green infrastructurehas sealedthe groundagainst replenishmentwhile the increasing demand liquidates ecological capital.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Its preference for grey over green infrastructure
The city’s choice to build with concrete and pipes instead of using natural spaces and lakes
Verb
has sealed
Has closed up or covered tightly
Object
the ground
The surface of the earth
Adjunct
against replenishment
Preventing the water from filling back up
Adjunct
while the increasing demand liquidates ecological capital
At the same time, because more people want water, we are using up our natural wealth (like clean environment and water sources)
Sentence 16 of 19
The citydoes not manageits pipeline supply, groundwater, and wastewatertogether,allowing consumers to default to the most convenient solution: tankers.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The city
The city administration of Bengaluru
Verb
does not manage
Fails to control or organize effectively
Object
its pipeline supply, groundwater, and wastewater
The three main parts of water: what comes in pipes, what is under the ground, and used water from drains
Adjunct
together
In an integrated or combined way
Adjunct
allowing consumers to default to the most convenient solution: tankers
As a result, people end up choosing the easiest option available, which is buying water from tankers
Sentence 17 of 19
Authoritiesneed to minimisedistribution lossesandpenaliseoverextractionandmandate100% decentralised wastewater recycling for all non-potable uses.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
Authorities
The officials or government bodies in charge
Verb
need to minimise
Must reduce to the smallest possible amount
Object
distribution losses
Water that is wasted or lost because of leaks and bad pipes while being sent to houses
Verb
penalise
To punish or fine someone for doing something wrong
Object
overextraction
Taking out too much water from the ground, more than what is safe
Verb
mandate
To make something compulsory or a legal requirement
Object
100% decentralised wastewater recycling for all non-potable uses
Making it a rule that all used water must be cleaned and reused for things other than drinking (like gardening or toilets) in multiple local spots instead of one big factory
Sentence 18 of 19
The ideal long-term solutionremainsunchanged:Bengaluruneeds to becomea ‘sponge city’.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
The ideal long-term solution
The best way to fix the problem forever
Verb
remains
Continues to be in a particular state
Complement
unchanged
Exactly the same as before
Subject
Bengaluru
The city of Bengaluru
Verb
needs to become
Must transform or turn into
Complement
a ‘sponge city’
A city designed to absorb rain water instead of letting it run off
Sentence 19 of 19
Thisincludesrestoring the connections between lakes and wells to capture monsoon runoff,thus aligning land-use planning with the recharge capacity of each taluka,and overall sealing the ground less and increasing absorption on the surface.
Phrase Breakdown
Subject
This
The sponge city plan mentioned before
Verb
includes
Has as its parts or elements
Object
restoring the connections between lakes and wells to capture monsoon runoff
Fixing the paths so that rainwater can go from lakes into wells and be saved
Adjunct
thus aligning land-use planning with the recharge capacity of each taluka
Making sure how we use the land (like building houses) matches how much water the ground in that area can take in
Adjunct
and overall sealing the ground less and increasing absorption on the surface
Covering less ground with concrete so that the earth can soak up more water from the top
Reading Comprehension
Practice questions based on this editorial
Reading Comprehension - Bengaluru Water Crisis
Practice reading comprehension questions based on the editorial about Bengaluru's intensifying water crisis and the need for sustainable management.
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